TYPES OF WEBSITE

TYPES OF WEBSITE

PORTAL

1) Portal is a term, generally synonymous with gateway, for a World Wide Web site that is or proposes to be a major starting site for users when they get connected to the Web or that users tend to visit as an anchor site. There are general portals and specialized or niche portals. Some major general portals include Yahoo, Excite, Netscape, Lycos, CNET, Microsoft Network, and America Online's AOL.com. Examples of niche portals include Garden.com (for gardeners), Fool.com (for investors), and SearchNetworking.com (for network administrators).A number of large access providers offer portals to the Web for their own users. Most portals have adopted the Yahoo style of content categories with a text-intensive, faster loading page that visitors will find easy to use and to return to. Companies with portal sites have attracted much stock market investor interest because portals are viewed as able to command large audiences and numbers of advertising viewers.Typical services offered by portal sites include a directory of Web sites, a facility to search for other sites, news, weather information, e-mail, stock quotes, phone and map information, and sometimes a community forum. Excite is among the first portals to offer users the ability to create a site that is personalized for individual interests.The term portal space is used to mean the total number of major sites competing to be one of the portals.

2) In fantasy games, science-fiction, and some "New Age" philosophies, a portal is a gateway to another world of the past, present, or future, or to an expanded awareness.

3) In 3-D graphics development, portal rendering is a technique that increases the effect of realism and speeds up presentation.

BUSINESS

Contains content that promotes or sells product or service.

• Many of these enterprises also allow you to purchase their products or services online.
• Examples: Pearl Haya Gallery, Anakku brand, Walt Disney Company  and Kraft Brands 

BLOG

A blog (a truncation of the expression "weblog") is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries ("posts"). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of a single individual,[citation needed] occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject or topic. In the 2010s, "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and sometimes professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into the news media. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with HTML or computer programming. Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and File Transfer Protocol had been required to publish content on the Web, and as such, early Web users tended to be hackers and computer enthusiasts. In the 2010s, the majority are interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also often build social relations with their readers and other bloggers.However, there are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments.

Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic, ranging from politics to sports. Others function as more personal online diaries, and others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. However, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs), and audio (podcasts). In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.

On 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 20 February 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide. According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics.Technorati lists 1.3 million blogs as of February 22, 2014.

WIKI

A wiki is a website on which users collaboratively modify content and structure directly from the web browser. In a typical wiki, text is written using a simplified markup language and often edited with the help of a rich-text editor.

A wiki is run using wiki software, otherwise known as a wiki engine. A wiki engine is a type of content management system, but it differs from most other such systems, including blog software, in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users. There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules may be imposed to organize content.

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is by far the most popular wiki-based website, and is one of the most widely viewed sites of any kind in the world, having been ranked in the top ten since 2007.Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, one for each language. There are tens of thousands of other wikis in use, both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, notetaking tools, community websites and intranets. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles; as of September 2016, it had over five million articles. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described it as "the simplest online database that could possibly work"."Wiki" is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick".

ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK

Online social network is defines a social networking site as "A website that provides a virtual community for people interested in a particular subject or just to 'hang out' together." While this is an accurate description, a more detailed definition of online social networking would also encompass all of the ways people can connect.

Online networks such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and LinkedIn all offer users a variety of ways to increase their networks, share notes and various types of media, and connect on a variety of levels.

Some of the ways people can network on these sites include:

Having current friends or connections suggest other people you may want to network with

Sharing photos, audio and video files, written works, links, and other media

Posting a resume or work experience for job searching and recruiting

Promoting a brand or service to those who may need the product or service

Social Networking for Personal Use

Many people join a social network because their current friends and family are using the service and they want to stay in contact. Once you've been using a social networking site for a while, you'll inevitable come in contact with other people you know, or knew long ago.

These networks are great places to catch up with old friends, share current and old photos, and find other friends whom you may have lost contact with along the way.

In this case, the definition of social networking includes nostalgia and reconnecting.

Social Networking for Professionals

Professionals have always networked in one way or another. Whether it's a business meeting, a conference, or a larger industry event, meeting other people who are involved in the same profession is a necessity.

Social networks, especially those like LinkedIn that cater to businesses and professionals, provide another platform to meet career peers and influential people in the industry. Putting yourself out there in a social network and spreading the word of your business is easy to do, and can result in catching the attention of many people in your profession.

INTERNET SERVICE

INTERNET SERVICE

In order to connect to the Internet, you need to use an Internet service. Internet service provides a way for data to be transferred from Internet servers to your computer. An Internet service provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. Most ISPs require you to subscribe in order to use their services, but there are ways to connect to the Internet for free. Some of the most common ways to connect to the Internet are dial-up, DSL, cable and wireless services.

WWW

The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).A broader definition comes from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):"The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge."The Web, as it's commonly known, is often confused with the internet. Although the two are intricately connected, they are different things. The internet is, as its name implies, a network -- a vast, global network that incorporates a multitude of lesser networks. As such, the internet consists of supporting infrastructure and other technologies. In contrast, the Web is a communications model that, through HTTP, enables the exchange of information over the internet.Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the Web and the director of the W3C, the organization that oversees its development. Berners-Lee developed hypertext, the method of instant cross-referencing that supports communications on the Web, making it easy to link content on one web page to content located elsewhere. The introduction of hypertext revolutionized the way people used the internet.In 1989, Berners-Lee began work on the first World Wide Web server at CERN. He called the server "httpd” and dubbed the first client "WWW.” Originally, WWW was just a WYSIWYG hypertext browser/editor that ran in the NeXTStep environment. The World Wide Web has been widely available since 1991.

E-mail

Electronic Mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices. Email first entered limited use in the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a mail server or a webmail interface, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.Originally an ASCII text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content attachments. International email, with internationalized email addresses using UTF-8, has been standardized, but as of 2017 it has not been widely adopted.The history of modern Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET, with standards for encoding email messages published as early as 1973 (RFC 561). An email message sent in the early 1970s looks very similar to a basic email sent today. Email had an important role in creating the Internet, and the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services.

Web-based email

Main article: Webmail

Many email providers have a web-based email client (e.g. AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail). This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the client, so can't be read without a current Internet connection.

POP3 email services

The Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the server. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's).[57]

IMAP email servers

The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check email while travelling, and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually mail is left in folders in the mail server.

MAPI email servers

Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is used by Microsoft Outlook to communicate to Microsoft Exchange Server - and to a range of other email server products such as Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa, and Bynari where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.

Uses

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Business and organizational use

Email has been widely accepted by business, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed Internet). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work.

It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:

Facilitating logistics

Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting, telephone call, or conference call can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone call.

Helping with synchronisation

With real time communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows asynchrony: each participant may control their schedule independently.

Reducing cost

Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or long distance telephone calls, telex or telegrams.

Increasing speed

Much faster than most of the alternatives.

Creating a "written" record

Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.

Email marketing

Email marketing via "opt-in" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information. Depending on the recipient's culture,[60] email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome "email spam".

Personal use

Personal computer

Many users access their personal email from friends and family members using a personal computer in their house or apartment.

Mobile

Email has become used on smartphones and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their home. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other device to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.

Individuals often check email on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their Facebook accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone. It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.

WEB PAGE NAVIGATION AND WEB SEARCHING

WEB NAVIGATION

Web navigation refers to the process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia.The user interface that is used to do so is called a web browser.A central theme in web design is the development of a web navigation interface that maximizes usability.A website's overall navigational scheme includes several navigational pieces such as global, local, supplemental, and contextual navigation; all of these are vital aspects of the broad topic of web navigation. Hierarchical navigation systems are vital as well since it is the primary navigation system. It allows for the user to navigate within the site using levels alone, which is often seen as restricting and requires additional navigation systems to better structure the website. The global navigation of a website, as another segment of web navigation, serves as the outline and template in order to achieve an easy maneuver for the users accessing the site, while local navigation is often used to help the users within a specific section of the site.All these navigational pieces fall under the categories of various types of web navigation, allowing for further development and for more efficient experiences upon visiting a webpage. 

Types of web navigation

The use of website navigation tools allow for a website's visitors to experience the site with the most efficiency and the least incompetence. A website navigation system is analogous to a road map which enables webpage visitors to explore and discover different areas and information contained within the website.

There are many different types of website navigation:

• Hierarchical website navigation

The structure of the website navigation is built from general to specific. This provides a clear, simple path to all the web pages from anywhere on the website.

• Global website navigation

Global website navigation shows the top level sections/pages of the website. It is available on each page and lists the main content sections/pages of the website.

• Local website navigation

Local navigation is the links within the text of a given web page, linking to other pages within the website.

STYLES OF WEBSITE NAVIGATION

Styles of website navigation refers to how the navigation system is presented.

• Text Links

Text links are words (text) which are surrounded by the anchor set of tags to create clickable text which takes the visitor to another web page within your website, a downloadable document from your website, or to another website on the Internet.

• Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumb navigation shows the website visitor the path within your website to the page they are currently on.

• Navigation Bar

A navigation bar is the collection of website navigation links all grouped together. A navigation bar can be horizontal or vertical.

• Tab Navigation

Tab navigation is where the website navigations links appear as tabs, similar to the tabs you use in a binder to divide the contents into sections.

• Sitemap

A sitemap is a page within your website that lists all the sections and web pages (if you don’t have too many) that are contained within the website. This is different from Google Sitemaps and Yahoo Sitemaps.

A traditional sitemap provides navigation for your website visitors should they get lost, a shorter path to the different areas of the website for those who know what exactly they are looking for and a means for the search engines to find all the pages within your website.

• Dropdown Menu

A dropdown menu is a style of website navigation where when the visitor places their mouse over a menu item, another menu is exposed. A dropdown menu can include a flyout menu (see next item).

A dropdown menu system can create accessibility issues and a problem as far as the search engines not being able to read the links in the menu, but if constructed properly, these issues can be overcome.

• Flyout Menu

A flyout menu is constructed similar to the dropdown menu. When the visitor places their mouse over a link, another menu “flys out”, usually to the right, from the link where the mouse is placed.

Flyout menus face the same challenges as dropdown menus but if constructed properly, they can be accessible and readable by the search engines.

• Named Anchors

Named anchors are the type of links that take you directly to a spot on the current page or on another web page.

WEB NAVIGATION USE

To be effective, the website navigation system needs:

• To be consistent throughout the website.

The website visitors will learn, through repetition, how to get around the website.

• The main navigation links kept together.

This makes it easier for the visitor to get to the main areas of the website.

• Reduced clutter by grouping links into sections.

If the list of website navigation links are grouped into sections and each section has only 5-7 links, this will make it easier to read the navigation scheme.

• Minimal clicking to get to where the visitor wants to get to.

If the number of clicks to the web page the visitor wishes to visit is minimal, this leads to a better experience.

Some visitors can become confused or impatient when clicking a bunch of links to get to where they want to be. In large websites, this can be difficult to reduce. Using breadcrumbs is one way to help the visitor see where they are within the website and the path back up the navigation path they took.

Creating the website navigation system at the planning stage of the website will effect the overall design of the web page layout and help develop the overall plan for the website.

A 'web search engine' is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler.Internet content that is not capable of being searched by a web search engine is generally described as the deep web.

Web search engines get their information by web crawling from site to site. The "spider" checks for the standard filename robots.txt, addressed to it, before sending certain information back to be indexed depending on many factors, such as the titles, page content, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), headings, as evidenced by the standard HTML markup of the informational content, or its metadata in HTML meta tags. "[N]o web crawler may actually crawl the entire reachable web. Due to infinite websites, spider traps, spam, and other exigencies of the real web, crawlers instead apply a crawl policy to determine when the crawling of a site should be deemed sufficient. Some sites are crawled exhaustively, while others are crawled only partially".Indexing means associating words and other definable tokens found on web pages to their domain names and HTML-based fields. The associations are made in a public database, made available for web search queries. A query from a user can be a single word. The index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible.Some of the techniques for indexing, and caching are trade secrets, whereas web crawling is a straightforward process of visiting all sites on a systematic basis.Between visits by the spider, the cached version of page (some or all the content needed to render it) stored in the search engine working memory is quickly sent to an inquirer. If a visit is overdue, the search engine can just act as a web proxy instead. In this case the page may differ from the search terms indexed.The cached page holds the appearance of the version whose words were indexed, so a cached version of a page can be useful to the web site when the actual page has been lost, but this problem is also considered a mild form of linkrot.

High-level architecture of a standard Web crawle.Typically when a user enters a query into a search engine it is a few keywords. The index already has the names of the sites containing the keywords, and these are instantly obtained from the index. The real processing load is in generating the web pages that are the search results list: Every page in the entire list must be weighted according to information in the indexes.Then the top search result item requires the lookup, reconstruction, and markup of the snippets showing the context of the keywords matched. These are only part of the processing each search results web page requires, and further pages (next to the top) require more of this post processing.Beyond simple keyword lookups, search engines offer their own GUI- or command-driven operators and search parameters to refine the search results. These provide the necessary controls for the user engaged in the feedback loop users create by filtering and weighting while refining the search results, given the initial pages of the first search results. For example, from 2007 the Google.com search engine has allowed one to filter by date by clicking "Show search tools" in the leftmost column of the initial search results page, and then selecting the desired date range. It's also possible to weight by date because each page has a modification time. Most search engines support the use of the boolean operators AND, OR and NOT to help end users refine the search query. Boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search. The engine looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called proximity search, which allows users to define the distance between keywords.There is also concept-based searching where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for. As well, natural language queries allow the user to type a question in the same form one would ask it to a human. A site like this would be ask.com.The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely from one engine to another. The methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and new techniques evolve. There are two main types of search engine that have evolved: one is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed extensively. The other is a system that generates an "inverted index" by analyzing texts it locates. This first form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the work.Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and thus some of them allow advertisers to have their listings ranked higher in search results for a fee. Search engines that do not accept money for their search results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.

Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide and the underlying assumptions about the technology.These biases can be a direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its organic search results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results to comply with local laws). For example, Google will not surface certain neo-Nazi websites in France and Germany, where Holocaust denial is illegal.Biases can also be a result of social processes, as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non-normative viewpoints in favor of more "popular" results. Indexing algorithms of major search engines skew towards coverage of U.S.-based sites, rather than websites from non-U.S. countries.Google Bombing is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political, social or commercial reasons.Several scholars have studied the cultural changes triggered by search engines, and the representation of certain controversial topics in their results, such as terrorism in Ireland and conspiracy theories.

WORLD WIDE WEB

WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers.Growing up, Sir Tim was interested in trains and had a model railway in his bedroom. He recalls:

“I made some electronic gadgets to control the trains. Then I ended up getting more interested in electronics than trains. Later on, when I was in college I made a computer out of an old television set.”

After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use its accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that they were having difficulty sharing information.

“In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go and ask people when they were having coffee…”, Tim says.

Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem – one that he could see could also have much broader applications. Already, millions of computers were being connected together through the fast-developing internet and Berners-Lee realised they could share information by exploiting an emerging technology called hypertext.

In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the web in a document called “Information Management: A Proposal”. Believe it or not, Tim’s initial proposal was not immediately accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Mike Sendall, noted the words “Vague but exciting” on the cover. The web was never an official CERN project, but Mike managed to give Tim time to work on it in September 1990. He began work using a NeXT computer, one of Steve Jobs’ early products.

History of the Web

WEB PAGE

A web page or web page is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using an Internet browser. A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files. The page you are reading now is an example of a web page.

The first web page was created at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991. You can visit and browse the first website and first web page .

This page that you are reading now is an example of an HTML web page and what a typical web page looks like on the Internet. This web page consists of several elements including CSS, images, and JavaScript.

Although the body of a web page is created using HTML, that HTML code can be created using an HTML editor and written by a human or generated using server-side scripts or other scripts. Typically a web page created by a human ends with a .htm or .html file extension. For example, this page has the file name "webpage.htm". Pages generated by a script can end in .cgi, .php, .pl, and other extensions.

A static web page (sometimes called a flat page/stationary page) is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, in contrast to dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application.

Consequently, a static web page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the server is configured to do so.

Static web pages are often HTML documents stored as files in the file system and made available by the web server over HTTP (nevertheless URLs ending with ".html" are not always static). However, loose interpretations of the term could include web pages stored in a database, and could even include pages formatted using a template and served through an application server, as long as the page served is unchanging and presented essentially as stored.

Static web pages are suitable for the contents that never or rarely need to be updated, though modern static site generators are changing. Maintaining large numbers of static pages as files can be impractical without automated tools, such as Static site generators described in Web template system. Any personalization or interactivity has to run client-side, which is restricting.

Advantages of a static website

• Provide improved security over dynamic websites[1]
• Improved performance for end users compared to dynamic websites[2]
• Fewer or no dependencies on systems such as databases or other application servers

Disadvantages of a static website

• Dynamic functionality has to be added separately

A dynamic web page is a web page that displays different content each time it's viewed. For example, the page may change with the time of day, the user that accesses the webpage, or the type of user interaction. There are two types of dynamic web pages :

CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING

Web pages that change in response to an action within that web page, such as a mouse or a keyboard action, use client-side scripting.

Client-side scripts generate client-side content. Client-side content is content that's generated on the user's computer rather than the server. In these cases, the user's web browser would download the web page content from the server, process the code that's embedded in the web page, and then display the updated content to the user.

Scripting languages such as JavaScript and Flash allow a web page to respond to client-side events.

SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING

Web pages that change when a web page is loaded or visited use server-side scripting. Server-side content is content that's generated when a web page is loaded. For example, login pages, forums, submission forms, and shopping carts, all use server-side scripting since those web pages change according to what is submitted to it.

Scripting languages such as PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, ColdFusion and Perl allow a web page to respond to submission events.

How web page work

WEB BROWSER

A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages. In common usage, a web browser is usually shortened to "browser." Browsers are used primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the Internet, as well as other content created using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language (XML), etc.

Browsers translate web pages and websites delivered using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) into human readable content. They also have the ability to display other protocols and prefixes, such as secure HTTP (HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), email handling (mailto:), and files (file:). In addition, most browsers also support external plug-ins required to display active content, such as in-page video, audio and Flash content.

A variety of web browsers are available with different features, look-and-feel, and designed to run on different operating systems. Common browsers include Internet Explorer from Microsoft, Firefox from Mozilla, Google Chrome, Safari from Apple, and Opera. All major browsers have mobile versions that are lightweight versions for accessing the web on mobile devices.

Web browsers date back to the late 1980s when an English scientist, Tim Berners-Lee, first developed the ideas that led to the World Wide Web (WWW). This consisted of a series of pages created using the HTML language and joined or linked together with pointers called hyperlinks. 

• In 1993, a new browser known as Mosaic was developed, which soon gained widespread usage due to its graphical-interface capability. Marc Andreesen, a member of the Mosaic development team.
• In 1994 to develop his own commercial browser based on Mosaic. He called it Netscape Navigator, and it quickly captured over 90 percent of the nascent browser market. It soon faced stiff competition .
• In 1995 from Microsoft's Internet Explorer, which was freely bundled with Windows 95 and has been a feature of every version of Windows since that time. It was pointless to buy Navigator when Internet Explorer was free, and as a result, Navigator (and Netscape) were driven into the ground. But while Mosaic an Netscape are no longer around, the age of the browser was launched and continues to this day, as more and more applications move to the web.

Best Web Browser

WEB ADDRESS

Example : https://itstillworks.com/timeout-error-8361586.html

In the earliest days of the Internet, the only way to connect with a remote computer was to provide its unique IP address, a long string of digits such as 165.254.202.218. But in 1983, as the number of computers on the network continued to grow, the University of Wisconsin developed the Domain Name System (DNS), which maps numeric IP addresses to more easily remembered domain names like www.twitter.com .

Website addresses are entered into the address bar of an Internet browser. The browser, if connected to the Internet and configured correctly, has the ability to display the web page presented by the hosting provider. Examples of browsers include Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Google Chrome.

This name translates, through a DNS service, to a unique number called an IP address. This IP address is registered and gets routed through the Internet to a hosting provider. Servers at the hosting provider present the user with the file or web page requested. Errors are presented to the user if the provider has improperly configured the environment or traffic limits have been exceeded.

PROTOCOL

The first section of a URL is called the protocol and is characterized by the letters "http" or "https." This stands for "hypertext transfer protocol," and is the method by which text is transferred from webpage to webpage on the Internet. The "s" at the end indicates that the website you're viewing is on a secure server, making it harder for malicious software or Internet users to illegally access your computer.

DOMAIN NAME 

The second section of a URL is called the domain name, and it follows the protocol. It begins with the letters "www" that stand for "World Wide Web," followed by the website's name. However, the "www" is generally not required to access a site. The domain name is registered with a company that hosts the website and supports its content storage and visitor usage demands.

PATH

The third section of a URL is called the path, and leads users to additional web pages that are linked to or branching off the domain name. The path is also the address of additional pages on the web host's server.

TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN NAME

The top-level domain (TLD) name is composed of the characters at the end of a URL -- generally, either two or three letters. Most URLs end with ".com," which is the most common top-level domain, and any website can use this ending. Other common three-letter TLDs are ".gov," ".edu" and ".mil" for government sites, educational sites and military sites, respectively. Two-letter TLDs are specific to countries, such as ".uk" for the United Kingdom.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTION, INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER AND THE INTERNET ADDRESS

INTERNET CONNECTION

There are two types of internet connection which is Dial-up Connection and Broadband intertnet connection/Direct connection.

                 Dial up connection                        

Dial-up has to dial via a phone to connect and its connect to a modem attached to a computer. The advantages of conventional dial-up is easy to setup and use, include inexpensive hardware. Its also more secure because the user not continually connected to the internet, it is much less likely the hackers will gain access to your computer via internet.
But its also has disadvantage which is slow connection speed. The maximum speed is 56Kbps. The telephone line will be tie up while accessing the internet. Lastly its inconvenience because its have to instruct user’s PC to dial up user’s ISP every time when the user wan to check email or view website.

CHARACTERISTIC OF DIAL-UP CONNECTION.

Conventional Dial-up	ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network)
Slow but cheaper	Faster but pricey
Ties up phone lines	Doesn’t tie up phone line
Relatively secure from hackers	Used by business and individual

 Direct connection used at many home and small business users connect to the internet via high speed broadband internet.PC is continually connected to the Internet. Direct connections are typically broadband and used in home and office. Because you are always connected, it is  important to protect your computer from hackers

DSL	FTTP	Fixed Wireless	Cellular Radio Network	Cable Internet Service	Wi-Fi	Satellite Internet Service
Broadband delivered over telephone lines	Also known as Broadband over Fiber (BoF)	Uses radio transmission towers rather than satellites	Also known as Mobile wireless	widely used home broadband connection	Data is transmitted through radio waves	A satellite dish communicates with a satellite modem
Must be less than 3 miles from a switching station	Uses fiber-optic cable		Access via mobile phone or device		Currently Wi-Fi for short range, but WiMAX may soon be an option
Transmits over telephone lines but does not tie up the line	Delivers over fiber-optic cabling all the way to the building				Both free and fee-based are available
Fast, direct Internet access via standard telephone line	Provide high-speed Internet access to house and business users.	Provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped antenna to communicate via radio signals.	Offers high-speed Internet connections to devices with built-in compatible technology/ computers with wireless modems.	Provides high-speed Internet access through    the cable television network via a cable modem.	Provide high-speed Internet connections to compatible or properly equipped wireless computers and device.	Provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite.
Requires DSL modem	Fast but expensive	Expected to use WiMAX				More expensive than cable or DSL
Available in urban areas	Available in limited areas	Not available in all areas				Broadband option for rural areas
Example :- Streamyx without WiFi			Example provider:- Celcom, Maxis, DiGi		Example : Streamyx with WiFi

 ISP(Internet Service Provider)

• A company that provides Internet connections and services to individuals and organizations. 
• Providing and maintaining a connection to the Internet
• Support the hardware and software needed to service that connection
• To protect their site and network from external threats such as viruses, hacker attacks and other illegal activities
• Provide 24-hour customer service and technical support
• Example : 

1. ISP: TMNet
2. Products : Streamyx , UniFi, TM Hotspot
3. ISP : Time
4. Product : Time Fibre Home Broadband, Time Broadband
5. ISP: Packet One Network
6. Products : P1
7. ISP : YTL Communications
8. Product : YES

ISP

INTERNET ADDRESS 

INTERNET ADDRESS

IP ADDRESS

• A number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet.
• IP addresses are also referred to as IP numbers and Internet addresses.
• IP address sometimes is called a dotted decimal number or dotted quad.
• Unique
• Global and standardised
• Essential

IP USAGE 

• A way to find specific server or computer on the internet or a network
• Provide identity to a computer in a network
• Identify for a particular device/machine on a particular network
• Allows transfers of files and e-mail

IP STRUCTURE 

• IP addresses usually consists of four groups of number each separated by a period.
• The number in each group is between 0 and 255.
• It is 32 bit long ,each group is 8 bits long
• Commonly written in decimal.
• Written, for example, 128.35.0.72
• These four sections represent the machine itself and the network it is on
• The network portion is assigned.
• The host section is determined by the network administrator

IP VERSION 

IP ADDRESS

IP Version 4 (IPv4)

IPv4

• IPv4 an address consists of 32 bits which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232) possible unique addresses.
• Version 4 of Internet Protocol, the most widely used version of IP.

IP Version 6 (IPv6)

IPv6

• The address size was increased from 32 to 128 bits or 16 octets.
• Provides the potential for a maximum of 2128, or about 3.403×1038 unique addresses.
• Version 6 of  Internet Protocol, has more capabilities than IPv4, including providing for far more IP address.

DOMAIN NAMES AND IP ADDRESS

1. People prefer to use easy-to-remember names instead of IP addresses 
2. Domain names (a part of the URL) are alphanumeric names for IP addresses.                               e.g., neon.ece.utoronto.ca, www.google.com, ietf.org
3. The domain name system (DNS) is an Internet-wide distributed database that translates between domain names and  IP addresses.
4. IP address and domain name allocation requires central administration to avoid duplication   
5.  Previously administered by U.S. government contract (NSI)